Monday, 10 December 2018

OUGD601 - Extended Essay Reading - The handbook of design for sustainability by Stuart Walker and Jacques Giard


Notes and Quotes

pg 106
- sustainable design considers the economic, social and environmental impacts of a design equal
- it is holistic and considers the whole life cycle within design
- Design for Society can have environmental and social benefits as well as influence / change behaviours / models systems
- Can create new paths that meets peoples needs as well as benefiting environment, society and economy

pg 107
- a complete structural overhaul is needed in business
- greatest effects when considering environmental and social impact early in the design process
- improvement approach makes gradual small changes to consider people, planet and profit (social, economic and environmental)

pg 108
- policies / regulations can be used by designers as a guide to improve / modify design
- designers need to understand regulation for legal reasons and to put products ahead
- there needs to be understanding and action for sustainability

pg 109
- less consumption should be encouraged when product uses energy
- need to understand where the product consumes resources and encourage less consumption
- modifications can create innovation and increase sustainability

pg 110
- redesign considers the lifecycle of a product
- Redesign makes amendments to aspects across the lifecycle without affecting the design

pg 111
- LCA allows for an accurate overview of environmental impact
- Where there is most impact changes are made
- Impact on the environment can be reduced through LCA planning

pg 113
- both environmental impact and costs are reduced through redesign
- there will be limited effects without new systems
- designers have to consider needs not just improve design
- more holistic view and collaboration is needed for new concepts
- get rid of a physical design and change / replace with other method

pg 114
- multiple / combined functions reduces impact
- optimizing design by looking at functions of design  
- cultural change is needed before packaging seen as excessive

pg 115
- system innovation means creating new systems
- there is room for designers to be part of these changes
- PSS uses services rather than products, this reduces waste and energy / resource use and increase lifecycles

pg 116
- overhaul is needed to economic model
- design can help change by considering sustainability from beginning

pg 117
- business aims to follow legislation rather than make larger changes to thinking

pg 118
- incremental change only makes so much difference, whereas system changes are needed for sustainability
- system changes are difficult, with risk and need collaboration
- system changes can make a business stand out
- system innovation leads to the highest possible positive environmental and financial impacts
- more focus on environmental effects than social
- less focus on social led to less innovative ideas
- design for sustainability could change behaviour

pg 119
- sustainable design now more established
- will be more understanding from industry about the benefits and change sustainability can now bring
 
pg 137
- huge use of resources shows how industrial countries have failed to be sustainable
- more strain put on environment by newly emerging economies
- equity balance between countries both rich and poor will mean an increase in standard of living less developed countries and reduced consumption in rich countries
- consumption in wealthy nations has been rapid

pg 138
- consumers think more is best
- people always want more and aim for this
- different quality products are made to allow people  to consume within their budget, which has affected lifespans
- people always want newer products
- new products are continually made
- there is higher demand for limited resources

pg 139
- the amount of waste is determined by longevity of products and buying of new products

pg 140
- in a circular economy everything should be recycled to make new products
- slowing of resource use goes against growth economics
- circular economy means making products 100% recycled which would limits choices
- reduced consumption considered unrealistic by government and industry
- public opinion favours less consumption
- to minimise consumption products should last longer
- reuse and longer life spans suggested by EU to reduce waste

pg 141
- long life products have a positive effect on waste and the economy through new repair markets

pg 142
- products have improved efficiency and recyclability but not longevity
- trends become the norm and people replace products to stay up to date even if still functional
- trends / fashion allows for expression of creativity. Some disagree with the replacement of products based on look rather than fault
- function first over aesthetics and trends that are short lived

pg 143
- consumption is currently unsustainable and complete solution not clear
- cannot only focus on one aspect of sustainability, LCA more effective
- niche sustainable markets created
- improvement in waste management
- improved products may not be enough to become sustainable 


Design, Sustainability and Marketing

pg 168
- marketing / branding contribute towards consumption problems
- can be used to increase sustainable behaviour
- increase in living standards worldwide will increase problems
- brands / marketing can change (positively or negatively) common consumption behaviours
- companies are considering impacts their products as well as the effect they can have on behaviour
- behaviour change is difficult as it is engrained in culture and society – brands / marketing see that they influence this – marketing can be a better way of changing behaviour than just information

pg 169
- products have meaning and reflect aspects of our lives e.g. identity, group norms etc
- brands also represent these things which places them in a position to change perceptions
- can influence more sustainable behaviour in individuals and society
- if a sustainable product is not bought for whatever reason then it shouldn’t be made
- to create sustainability a majority of people need to be more sustainable
- sustainability is not always considered in purchasing
- marketing can help through: understanding of consumer needs and behaviours to encourage sustainable consumption, normalise sustainable products through brands and make sustainable products appealing

pg 170
- marketers should understand peoples desires and aims then create something that meets these needs
- products should reflect the benefits that they will bring to a consumer
- people do not buy because of the environment – to become more sustainable products need to emphasise practical benefits of the product
- consumers need to understand what they will get from the product
- branding marketing aims to play on consumers needs to get them to buy products

pg 171
- green marketing has focused too much on the environment and less on the benefits consumers get from these products – not motivational and too rational
- making sustainability normal is more beneficial than making it something to aim towards
- brands slow to minimise social and environmental impacts

pg 172
- wider ranges of green products suggest they are not the norm which lets consumer demand dictate rate of change towards sustainability
- brands should change their complete offering to be more sustainable
- focussing product ranges can influence consumer choice
- people will do things if they think others are doing it
- incremental sustainable changes are noticeable for a limited time them are normal

pg 173
- brand scan highlight sustainability problems and make sustainability more of a purchasing factor (through labelling) for consumers
- clear sustainability information increases transparency and consumer understanding
- eco labels by brands normalise sustainability
- green washing can negatively impact the legitimacy of environmental / sustainability claims
- early sustainable marketing by brands was different to previous branding which had a negative effect
- certain green aesthetic created that was unappealing
- looked like brands were trying to be something else
- made green design / products niche rather than norm

pg 174
- brands can promote sustainable behaviour in other ways, not just product creation

pg 175
- sustainability can be created by brands through using trends and changing social norms
- marketing needs to understand motivations and contexts
- brand need to be relevant
- brands can influence perceptions of lifestyles
- behaviour placement within films etc can normalise behaviours
- marketing makes issues relevant and understandable

pg 176
- focussing on a specific issue can help consumers understand how to help

pg 177
- encouraging new behaviours can increase sales as well as more sustainable behaviour
- we are motivated into doing things if others are doing them – marketing focusses on individual choice however we are largely influenced by social learning

pg 178
- gamification is used to link fun with brands
- incentivising sustainable behaviours may increase sustainability this creates competitivity
- Recyclebank rewards sustainable behaviour through points collection

pg 179
- brands could become driving force to sustainable behaviour change
- brands have moved away from being defined by products now there is a focus on meeting - needs and how they benefit consumers
- sustainable reuse are seen as profitable activities and allow stronger relationships with customers
- unsustainability is normalised and promoted by Western / Northern cultures
marketing cannot change behaviour on its own, system changes are needed alongside this

Why Sustainable Consumers don’t care much about Green Products

pg 156
- To be sustainable citizens we have to think about our consumption
- Consumption choices driven by internal and external factors (regulation , identity etc)
- Understanding that consumption needs to be reduced but do not reflect on quantity or quality of consumption
- What drives people to buy green and stop buying new, whilst having the ability to buy them

pg 157
- sustainable consumption has tended to focus on efficiency and sustainable products
- questionable whether sustainable consumption is the solution to consumption of natural resources or products / services
- sustainable consumption looks at individual consumption, government strategies, systems, - policies and economic models, environmental damage and wealth divisions
for sustainable consumption to be achieved there must be systems must become more efficient through technological improvements and consumption rates and behaviours need to change

pg 158
- focus on increased consumption in developed countries for economic growth
- understood politically and academically that consumption needs to be reduced
- consumption has strong ties to wellbeing in economically developed countries
- in the current economic difficult to form an alternative model of consumption 
- the difficulties of creating and alternative consumption model in existing systems has limited the possibility of sustainable consumption
- weak sustainability is product focussed and encourages consumption of green products
- strong sustainability encourages efficiency and behavioural change
- technology and design have a role to play in creating and encouraging new systems and products

pg 159
- design thinking can solve and frame problems through questioning products and the creation of more efficient problems 
- designers more than ever need to understand the motives of consumers and consumerism as well as improving product efficiency
- consumption allows for the reflection of self and allows us to interact with the world
- there is less drive to change behaviour purely for the environment instead green products are used
- less consumption is not popular
- the change from green to sustainable consumption is questionable
- weak sustainability is convenient as behaviour does not have to change radically
- weak sustainability allows economic growth to continue, profits to be made and resources to be used more efficiently and waste reduction making it popular for governments

pg 160
 - is green consumption green? – the switch to green consumerism from traditional consumerism may lead to the same problems of consumption and identity – Diderot effect created  
- luxury green products can encourage more consumption
- the benefits of green consumption are limited to creating a sustainable society
- green consumption could increase rather than reduce consumption

pg 162
- values associated with voluntary simplicity could lead to a more sustainable consumption / society
- people can be motivated to reduce consumption for self benefit, which is often in reaction to misconsumption, in which advertisers create a cycle of promotion and consumption in society that does not meet peoples needs, with consumers driven to work harder to gain satisfaction from products and services - misconsumption – advertisers promote products or services – consumed by consumers but do not satisfy needs – work hard to pay to consume products – fleeting satisfaction – less time

pg 164
- L – M profile - green products are new with green credentials that reflect nature in some way
- M – S profile – green products are secondhand, crafted or local products
- L – M profile – minimal reduction in consumption however desire to help
- M – S profile – altruistic and self interest fuelled changes in consumption
- Considers need for a product and alternatives
- Alternatives increase quality of life and feel good factor for helping the environment
- M – S profile – changed consumption patterns have financial benefits that allow for a better perceived lifestyle which is alternative to traditional consumption cycle
- M – S profile – sustainable consumers less inclined towards green products

pg 165
- green and ethical products have altruistic and individual appeal for sustainable consumers
- more sustainable consumption is influenced by individual and group benefits
- sustainable consumers are influenced by personal gain and perceived alternative quality of - life that sustainable consumption encourages and promotes
- environmental factor not enough to encourage sustainable consumption however has seen - a shift to green products which is not enough to question current systems

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